History of media, radio, television and
Written by admin on March 10, 2010 – 5:43 pm -When are the forms of media has created? When did advertising first show up? Who owns the media?
Creation of various forms of media
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Newspapers & Magazines ~ 1880
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Movie ~ 1910
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TV ~ 1945
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Cable TV ~ 1980
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Satellite TV, Internet, Digital Communication ~ End of the 20th century
In 1920, the radio has been developed primarily for use by the military, but onlyHistory match media – Old radio messages from one place to another. David Sternoff, former president of RCA, first had the idea to sell radio sets to consumers, or what was then called radio receivers. But for those consumers who need a reason to buy a radio, so RCA was to concentrate on radio stations across the country. Between 1920 and 1922, 400 stations were established, starting KBKA in Pittsburgh. Stations were established at universities,newspapers, police, hotels, and the Union.
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In 1923 there were 600 radio stations in the United States and 83 million sets were sold.
The biggest difference to the radio before and after 1923 was that the first ad on the radio you hear before 1923. RCA is currently composed of four companies:
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AT & T
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GE
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UnitedFruit
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Westinghouse
United Fruit was one of the first companies worldwide, and among the first to advertise on the radio. AT & T section of the RCA first thought of selling airtime to enterprises, which launched the brand "toll broadcasting." Weafer was the first station to operate in this way is widespread outrage and accusations of "pollute airwaves."
As a result of this controversy has been the practice of selling advertising space called "the tradeName advertising. "Sponsor linked their name with a program on the air, rather than advertise a particular product for a period of 30 seconds" commercial ", as we know it today.
Why not AT & T decided to trial on charges of air time?
AT & T has no money on television, at the time, why did only transmitters, receivers. They only made money when you buy new radio equipment necessary to send. They do not make money notRadios consumer purchase.
AT & T has also initiated the practice of paying artists for their time in the air, rather than voluntary, as is common practice for radio content, up to this point.
The first radio network
In 1926, RCA created the first radio network, NBC. They decided it was more effective for the production of shows in New York City, and then select the largest radio station with all the stations throughout the country, linked byAT & T (another RCA-business), telephone lines. (Now, television networks are connected via satellite to their affiliates).
E 'was the beginning of the network system. The ideal network and ensures that everyone in the country is able to hear their message. NBC currently has two philosophies:
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Radio content was a "public service" whose job was to sell radios.
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Radio content has been designed to generate revenueadvertising.
Media history in 1927, the second network is formed. E 'was CBS, started by William Paley. Paley was the first to believe that the network could make money strictly from advertising, not involved in the sale of radio. AT & T, CBS has done radio. From the beginning they made money by selling advertising.
The increasing pollution of the Radio Network Radio Act of 1927 to be passed, which established FRC, or what is nowknown as the FCC for the allocation of broadcasting licenses. The need for such an organization was put by the fact that radio waves are limited resources, and television itself is a scarce public resource. Since 1930, the structure of the radio was provided by the commercial format, though never the public domain to the radio then on television.
In 1920 and '30 's, radio programs are divided into two groups. Sponsored demonstrate that advertisers haveand shows no sponsors, who do not. The radio station has paid for the show without sponsors. The show, promoted, moreover, created exclusively by the company sponsored the show, advertisers have complete control of the content of the radio station. The content was ad. Past Radio for television, in the sense that the same companies that are remote start and then on television live.
Shortly after, the television had inheritedstructure in radio. In the '40 's, the rise of television, the RCA also had a monopoly on all television sets sold. From 1945-1955, he had already accepted advertising from television. TV has been around the premise of selling things organized. Entire television industry is to create a political climate of suspicion and fear. Senator Joseph McCarthy, the founder of McCarthyism, which is the fear of communism is based, and the HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee beganpeople involved in television about their beliefs and associations.
TV influenced in its early stages?
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Politics (McCarthyism / HUAC).
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Blacklisting: From almost the beginning of television, many writers, directors and actors have been considered pro-communist and / or anti-American.
Some issues are beyond the limits of time before television, in particular questions about race relations in 1960. Overall network is not satisfiedthe political situation in television in 1960, both in terms of black lists, and the fact that, when every show has a sponsor to sponsor controlled the entire program. Networks prefer to run the program in terms of movement of several sponsors / advertisers, networks, who will retain control of the show, and advertisers can buy time between changes.
In 1950, the networks have decided to abolish the practice of management of sponsored events with a switch toInstead of selling or advertising between programs as we know it today. What does the move to sell locally?
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Detection of fraud in quiz programs on television. Quiz programs were very popular at this time and was held by the sponsors of the network and in the same way the spectators. However, it seems that quiz programs had been largely resolved. Charles Van Doren in "21" is a big star because of his victories repeated until it came out that everything was resolved. In the case of "The$ 64,000 Question, "Revlon has personally hand, winners and losers for the show.
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It is still difficult financially only for an advertiser to support an entire show.
Around the same time, ratings for the creation of a certain measure of popularity. Easy Ratings, measuring the number of people watching a show. To understand why ratings are so important, it is important to understand how the television industry works through the three questionsand their answers:
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Who owns the television? [The network]
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What is sold on TV? [Time Viewer, not on TV Shows]
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Who are the customers on television? Advertisers [do not watch]
This can be an illogical concept for some. The network, which owns television, areHistory of media – old TV shows buyers and sellers do not. On the other hand, sells our eyes, so to speak, for advertisers. Networkthe maximum profit from the sale of time, time is of the viewers 'time and advertisers'.
The primary objective of prestasieskaal television that the price when bought and sold, "AC Nielsen, an independent company that provides information about who is monitoring what is on TV. Currently, about 4,000 families who have used the vision of national television. In 1980, only 1,200 families were used. Some families have an electronic deviceinstalled on their TV, which follows what they see, others keep a diary of viewing habits.
There are two measures for the provision of a public exhibition. One is the appreciation and the second is the sharing.
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Classification: Percentage of total households with televisions tuned to a given show.
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Stocks: Percentage of watching television at a given time tuned to a given show.
The share is always larger than the rating. Ratedimportant for advertisers, and some are more important for networks.
Example
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Total TV households: 150 million
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Total households watching television on Monday nights at 8: 90 million
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Total households watching American Idol and Monday nights at 8: 45 million
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Then: Rating: 30 Sharing: 50
It is important to see how many factors can distort the results. Show producers cost a lot more than the networks typicallywho pay for these shows. Way for producers to make money is to get the networks to renew the show, to get a shot at making money from syndication on other channels, also known as a replica. This is true when the individual stations (eg, such as the ABC affiliate in Miami to Seinfeld) has acquired the rights to a show by the producers of this show. Shows that this is the last only one season, for the most part, has lost millions of dollars. One of the most important factors in whetherThe show will be renewed or not their score.
This brings us to the way in which votes can be skewed. For example, if a show had a 20, and should be 25 parts to repair the second season, maybe the producers do? In principle, they need to convince the other 5% of people who watch television programs when they see their shows, is no easy task, because they are convincing millions of people. But when the assessments are based on 4,000 households NielsenThis means that with only 200 families Nielsen to convince their tone, which will increase the share of 20-25 per see. That is why the Nielsen families must be kept secret by the networks. Nielsen, when families are passed to the network, a way of showing their people that they see is the part of viewers by offering a small sum of money to conduct a study on a commercial that was said, would play only one show in particular. When they have found that the channelwhile their show is, then share.
When ratings are intended to advertise the price offered by two factors:
* The size of the public.
* Demographic data (income, age, sex, profession, etc.) of the public.
In short, work in the television programs for the collection of our time, as a product, then sell to advertisers. Programs to support the proclamation that offers viewers the best available for sale when the time comesSpots are, which brings us the golden age of television.
1950 is considered "the golden age of television." During this period, he says something like "Anthology Series, where the different players every week, participated in a permanent exhibition in the history of the media – I Love Lucypopularity across the board … is, with everyone except for advertisers. The format anthology series was not entitled to advertisers because it involved topics comparing psychologicalViewers deserted in the mood for the purchase of products that have shown between segments of the program. The theme for the anthology series is the kind that undermines the ads that makes them seem almost deceptively.
E 'come to the question of what network administrators really want to demonstrate that they do? The answer is not to see a program that makes them feel good, make people laugh, or excites, but rather a TV for a fixed amount of time to look. With suchdisplayed many new proposed standards began to be deliberately or accidentally, could be interpreted to foot and could not do. The risk is only the beginning and / or the end of the show is taken. Laugh tracks are designed to tell the audience when to laugh. Programs begin to be tested on the public to be placed on television and / or radio. View writers had to write tests that show well.
Obviously this is due to many of the same elements and themes to be displayedAll shows. E 'was the beginning of television culture recombinant, in which the same elements are repeated endlessly, recombined, and mixed.
The same culture is that the author of the idea that people watch television, no specific tone. While people who choose to see certain shows, instead of other people so often choose to watch TV instead of other things. People watch television. Regardless of who was watching TV the prices were very stable.
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